TY  - JOUR
AU  - Terzić, Anja
AU  - Stojanović, Jovica
AU  - Jovanović, Vladimir
AU  - Todorović, Dejan
AU  - Sokić, Miroslav
AU  - Bojović, Dragan
AU  - Radulović, Dragan
PY  - 2024
UR  - http://rims.institutims.rs/handle/123456789/939
AB  - The presented work offers an innovative process scheme for valorizing Pb-Zn slag, which involves crushing, grinding, and separation techniques to concentrate valuable components (non-ferrous metals). This methodology could have a significant impact on the global beneficiation of metallurgical slags since it is significantly more simple, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective than standard pyro- and hydrometallurgical procedures. According to previous physicochemical and mineralogical studies, Pb-Zn slag is a valuable secondary raw material. This inhomogeneous technogenic resource contains substantial amounts of non-ferrous metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ag). However, laboratory tests have indicated that the Pb-Zn slag contains highly uneven amounts of valuable metals, ranging from several g/ton to tens of g/ton. The main issue is that traditional metallurgical procedures for releasing beneficial elements are not commercially viable since the elements are “trapped” within the amorphous aluminosilicates or intergrowths of alloy grains and glassy phases. Gravity concentration (Wilfley 13 shaking table) and magnetic separation (Davis separator and disk separator) were used to obtain the final concentrate following comminution and grindability testing. The gravity concentration proved more effective. Namely, magnetic separators could not process nor adequately separate beneficial non-ferrous elements because they were merged together with iron-bearing minerals and aluminosilicates in amorphous Pb-Zn slag grains. With the gravity concentration approach, 12.99% of the processed slag belonged to ∆T fraction (concentration of non-ferrous metal alloys), while remaining 87% corresponded to the tailings fraction (∆L). The total amounts of recovered Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ag from ∆T and ∆L fractions were 5.28%, 6.69%, 0.58%, and 76.12 ppm and 1.22%, 6.05%, 0.43%, and 15.26 ppm, respectively. This streamlined approach to valorizing Pb-Zn slag can reduce the need for hazardous chemicals used in hydrometallurgical refinement operations, as well as the extremely high temperatures required for pyrometallurgical processing. This is the first study to investigate the viability of this novel methodology, which involves the direct examinations of the Pb-Zn slag feed with various alternative technologies for separation and concentration. After extracting the valuable metals, the amorphous aluminosilicate part of the Pb-Zn slag can be reapplied as an alternative raw material in the building sector, adding to the circularity of the suggested approach.
PB  - MDPI
T2  - Materials
T1  - Exploring the Efficiency of Magnetic Separation and Gravity Concentration for Valorizing Pb-Zn Smelter Slag in a Circular Economy Framework
SP  - 3495
VL  - 17
DO  - 10.3390/ma17163945
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Terzić, Anja and Stojanović, Jovica and Jovanović, Vladimir and Todorović, Dejan and Sokić, Miroslav and Bojović, Dragan and Radulović, Dragan",
year = "2024",
abstract = "The presented work offers an innovative process scheme for valorizing Pb-Zn slag, which involves crushing, grinding, and separation techniques to concentrate valuable components (non-ferrous metals). This methodology could have a significant impact on the global beneficiation of metallurgical slags since it is significantly more simple, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective than standard pyro- and hydrometallurgical procedures. According to previous physicochemical and mineralogical studies, Pb-Zn slag is a valuable secondary raw material. This inhomogeneous technogenic resource contains substantial amounts of non-ferrous metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ag). However, laboratory tests have indicated that the Pb-Zn slag contains highly uneven amounts of valuable metals, ranging from several g/ton to tens of g/ton. The main issue is that traditional metallurgical procedures for releasing beneficial elements are not commercially viable since the elements are “trapped” within the amorphous aluminosilicates or intergrowths of alloy grains and glassy phases. Gravity concentration (Wilfley 13 shaking table) and magnetic separation (Davis separator and disk separator) were used to obtain the final concentrate following comminution and grindability testing. The gravity concentration proved more effective. Namely, magnetic separators could not process nor adequately separate beneficial non-ferrous elements because they were merged together with iron-bearing minerals and aluminosilicates in amorphous Pb-Zn slag grains. With the gravity concentration approach, 12.99% of the processed slag belonged to ∆T fraction (concentration of non-ferrous metal alloys), while remaining 87% corresponded to the tailings fraction (∆L). The total amounts of recovered Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ag from ∆T and ∆L fractions were 5.28%, 6.69%, 0.58%, and 76.12 ppm and 1.22%, 6.05%, 0.43%, and 15.26 ppm, respectively. This streamlined approach to valorizing Pb-Zn slag can reduce the need for hazardous chemicals used in hydrometallurgical refinement operations, as well as the extremely high temperatures required for pyrometallurgical processing. This is the first study to investigate the viability of this novel methodology, which involves the direct examinations of the Pb-Zn slag feed with various alternative technologies for separation and concentration. After extracting the valuable metals, the amorphous aluminosilicate part of the Pb-Zn slag can be reapplied as an alternative raw material in the building sector, adding to the circularity of the suggested approach.",
publisher = "MDPI",
journal = "Materials",
title = "Exploring the Efficiency of Magnetic Separation and Gravity Concentration for Valorizing Pb-Zn Smelter Slag in a Circular Economy Framework",
pages = "3495",
volume = "17",
doi = "10.3390/ma17163945"
}

Terzić, A., Stojanović, J., Jovanović, V., Todorović, D., Sokić, M., Bojović, D.,& Radulović, D.. (2024). Exploring the Efficiency of Magnetic Separation and Gravity Concentration for Valorizing Pb-Zn Smelter Slag in a Circular Economy Framework. in Materials
MDPI., 17, 3495.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163945

Terzić A, Stojanović J, Jovanović V, Todorović D, Sokić M, Bojović D, Radulović D. Exploring the Efficiency of Magnetic Separation and Gravity Concentration for Valorizing Pb-Zn Smelter Slag in a Circular Economy Framework. in Materials. 2024;17:3495.
doi:10.3390/ma17163945 .

Terzić, Anja, Stojanović, Jovica, Jovanović, Vladimir, Todorović, Dejan, Sokić, Miroslav, Bojović, Dragan, Radulović, Dragan, "Exploring the Efficiency of Magnetic Separation and Gravity Concentration for Valorizing Pb-Zn Smelter Slag in a Circular Economy Framework" in Materials, 17 (2024):3495,
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163945 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Radulović, Dragan
AU  - Terzić, Anja
AU  - Stojanović, Jovica
AU  - Jovanović, Vladimir
AU  - Todorović, Dejan
AU  - Ivošević, Branislav
PY  - 2024
UR  - http://rims.institutims.rs/handle/123456789/816
AB  - Smelting used to be less efficient; therefore, wastes obtained from historical processing at smelter plants usually contain certain quantities of valuable metals. Upon the extraction of useful metal elements, metallurgical slag can be repurposed as an alternative mineral raw material in the building sector. A case study was conducted, which included an investigation of the physico-chemical, mineralogical, and microstructural properties of Pb–Zn slag found at the historic landfill near the Topilnica Veles smelter in North Macedonia. The slag was sampled using drill holes. The mineralogical and microstructural analysis revealed that Pb–Zn slag is a very complex and inhomogeneous alternative raw material with utilizable levels of metals, specifically Pb (2.3 wt.%), Zn (7.1 wt.%), and Ag (27.5 ppm). Crystalline mineral phases of wurtzite, sphalerite, galena, cerussite, akermanite, wüstite, monticellite, franklinite, and zincite were identified in the analyzed samples. The slag’s matrix consisted of alumino-silicates, amorphous silicates, and mixtures of spinel and silicates. Due to the economic potential of Pb, Zn, and Ag extraction, the first stage of reutilization will be to transform metal concentrates into their collective concentrate, from which the maximum amount of these crucial components can be extracted. This procedure will include combination of gravity concentration and separation techniques. The next step is to assess the Pb–Zn slag’s potential applications in civil engineering, based on its mineralogical and physico-mechanical properties. Alumino-silicates present in Pb–Zn slag, which contain high concentrations of SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, and Fe2O3, are suitable for use in cementitious building composites. The goal of this research is to suggest a solution by which to close the circle of slag’s reutilization in terms of zero waste principles. It is therefore critical to thoroughly investigate the material, the established methods and preparation processes, and the ways of concentrating useful components into commercial products.
PB  - MDPI
T2  - Sustainability
T1  - Reapplication Potential of Historic Pb–Zn Slag with Regard to Zero Waste Principles
IS  - 2
VL  - 16
DO  - 10.3390/su16020720
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Radulović, Dragan and Terzić, Anja and Stojanović, Jovica and Jovanović, Vladimir and Todorović, Dejan and Ivošević, Branislav",
year = "2024",
abstract = "Smelting used to be less efficient; therefore, wastes obtained from historical processing at smelter plants usually contain certain quantities of valuable metals. Upon the extraction of useful metal elements, metallurgical slag can be repurposed as an alternative mineral raw material in the building sector. A case study was conducted, which included an investigation of the physico-chemical, mineralogical, and microstructural properties of Pb–Zn slag found at the historic landfill near the Topilnica Veles smelter in North Macedonia. The slag was sampled using drill holes. The mineralogical and microstructural analysis revealed that Pb–Zn slag is a very complex and inhomogeneous alternative raw material with utilizable levels of metals, specifically Pb (2.3 wt.%), Zn (7.1 wt.%), and Ag (27.5 ppm). Crystalline mineral phases of wurtzite, sphalerite, galena, cerussite, akermanite, wüstite, monticellite, franklinite, and zincite were identified in the analyzed samples. The slag’s matrix consisted of alumino-silicates, amorphous silicates, and mixtures of spinel and silicates. Due to the economic potential of Pb, Zn, and Ag extraction, the first stage of reutilization will be to transform metal concentrates into their collective concentrate, from which the maximum amount of these crucial components can be extracted. This procedure will include combination of gravity concentration and separation techniques. The next step is to assess the Pb–Zn slag’s potential applications in civil engineering, based on its mineralogical and physico-mechanical properties. Alumino-silicates present in Pb–Zn slag, which contain high concentrations of SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, and Fe2O3, are suitable for use in cementitious building composites. The goal of this research is to suggest a solution by which to close the circle of slag’s reutilization in terms of zero waste principles. It is therefore critical to thoroughly investigate the material, the established methods and preparation processes, and the ways of concentrating useful components into commercial products.",
publisher = "MDPI",
journal = "Sustainability",
title = "Reapplication Potential of Historic Pb–Zn Slag with Regard to Zero Waste Principles",
number = "2",
volume = "16",
doi = "10.3390/su16020720"
}

Radulović, D., Terzić, A., Stojanović, J., Jovanović, V., Todorović, D.,& Ivošević, B.. (2024). Reapplication Potential of Historic Pb–Zn Slag with Regard to Zero Waste Principles. in Sustainability
MDPI., 16(2).
https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020720

Radulović D, Terzić A, Stojanović J, Jovanović V, Todorović D, Ivošević B. Reapplication Potential of Historic Pb–Zn Slag with Regard to Zero Waste Principles. in Sustainability. 2024;16(2).
doi:10.3390/su16020720 .

Radulović, Dragan, Terzić, Anja, Stojanović, Jovica, Jovanović, Vladimir, Todorović, Dejan, Ivošević, Branislav, "Reapplication Potential of Historic Pb–Zn Slag with Regard to Zero Waste Principles" in Sustainability, 16, no. 2 (2024),
https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020720 . .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Radulović, Dragan
AU  - Jovanović, Vladimir
AU  - Todorović, Dejan
AU  - Ivošević, Branislav
AU  - Stojanović, Jovica
AU  - Milićević, Sonja
AU  - Terzić, Anja
PY  - 2023
UR  - http://rims.institutims.rs/handle/123456789/574
AB  - According to earlier physical-chemical and mineralogical analysis, slag from "Topionica"- Veles (Northern Macedonia) represents a potentially important raw resource. It is an inhomogeneous raw material with considerable nonferrous metal content, particularly Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ag (considered as a precious metal). This technogenic resource's mineralogical analysis revealed a very complex composition: amorphous phase, lead alloys, zinc alloys, wüstite (FeO), sphalerite, galena, cerussite, elemental silver, elemental copper, elemental iron, magnetite, spinel, rutile, hematite, troilite (FeS). The most abundant phase is an amorphous phase (glassy matrix) composed of spinel, silicate, and mixed (spinel-silicate). The sample has substantially less wüstite, that appears as skeletal inclusions in the glassy matrix. SEM investigation revealed the presence of Fe-Mn-Zn spinels in the Pb-Zn slag, as well as Pb and Zn alloys. These alloys are primarily composed of Cu. The grains of these phases are up to 100μm appearing as inclusions (usually as complex inclusions with a glassy matrix of elemental iron and wüstite). Grains bigger than 100μm in length are typically free or have simple inclusions. The biggest grains in the aforementioned stages have diameters of up to 300μm. The mineralogical study revealed that the Pb-Zn slag is a very complex raw material. It is required to investigate it in detail and establish the methods in which it can be done in order to value it and eventually apply it. Every stage of the preparation process has to be accompanied by numerous analyzes that will indicate the relevance of the preparation process and ways of concentrating useful components into commercial products.
C3  - Serbian Ceramic Society Conference “Advanced Ceramic and Application XI – New frontiers in multifunctional material science and processing”, Book of Abstracts, Belgrade, Serbia
T1  - Technical features of Pb-Zn slag that allow its valorization and application
SP  - 81
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rims_574
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Radulović, Dragan and Jovanović, Vladimir and Todorović, Dejan and Ivošević, Branislav and Stojanović, Jovica and Milićević, Sonja and Terzić, Anja",
year = "2023",
abstract = "According to earlier physical-chemical and mineralogical analysis, slag from "Topionica"- Veles (Northern Macedonia) represents a potentially important raw resource. It is an inhomogeneous raw material with considerable nonferrous metal content, particularly Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ag (considered as a precious metal). This technogenic resource's mineralogical analysis revealed a very complex composition: amorphous phase, lead alloys, zinc alloys, wüstite (FeO), sphalerite, galena, cerussite, elemental silver, elemental copper, elemental iron, magnetite, spinel, rutile, hematite, troilite (FeS). The most abundant phase is an amorphous phase (glassy matrix) composed of spinel, silicate, and mixed (spinel-silicate). The sample has substantially less wüstite, that appears as skeletal inclusions in the glassy matrix. SEM investigation revealed the presence of Fe-Mn-Zn spinels in the Pb-Zn slag, as well as Pb and Zn alloys. These alloys are primarily composed of Cu. The grains of these phases are up to 100μm appearing as inclusions (usually as complex inclusions with a glassy matrix of elemental iron and wüstite). Grains bigger than 100μm in length are typically free or have simple inclusions. The biggest grains in the aforementioned stages have diameters of up to 300μm. The mineralogical study revealed that the Pb-Zn slag is a very complex raw material. It is required to investigate it in detail and establish the methods in which it can be done in order to value it and eventually apply it. Every stage of the preparation process has to be accompanied by numerous analyzes that will indicate the relevance of the preparation process and ways of concentrating useful components into commercial products.",
journal = "Serbian Ceramic Society Conference “Advanced Ceramic and Application XI – New frontiers in multifunctional material science and processing”, Book of Abstracts, Belgrade, Serbia",
title = "Technical features of Pb-Zn slag that allow its valorization and application",
pages = "81",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rims_574"
}

Radulović, D., Jovanović, V., Todorović, D., Ivošević, B., Stojanović, J., Milićević, S.,& Terzić, A.. (2023). Technical features of Pb-Zn slag that allow its valorization and application. in Serbian Ceramic Society Conference “Advanced Ceramic and Application XI – New frontiers in multifunctional material science and processing”, Book of Abstracts, Belgrade, Serbia, 81.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rims_574

Radulović D, Jovanović V, Todorović D, Ivošević B, Stojanović J, Milićević S, Terzić A. Technical features of Pb-Zn slag that allow its valorization and application. in Serbian Ceramic Society Conference “Advanced Ceramic and Application XI – New frontiers in multifunctional material science and processing”, Book of Abstracts, Belgrade, Serbia. 2023;:81.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rims_574 .

Radulović, Dragan, Jovanović, Vladimir, Todorović, Dejan, Ivošević, Branislav, Stojanović, Jovica, Milićević, Sonja, Terzić, Anja, "Technical features of Pb-Zn slag that allow its valorization and application" in Serbian Ceramic Society Conference “Advanced Ceramic and Application XI – New frontiers in multifunctional material science and processing”, Book of Abstracts, Belgrade, Serbia (2023):81,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rims_574 .